The Effects and Differences of Sprint Interval Training, Endurance Training and the Training Types Combined on Physiological Parameters and Exercise Performance

Sprint Interval Training (SIT) is a time efficient way in order to elicit similar changes as Endurance Training (ET) on aerobic capacity, with the purpose of the exercise training to alter physiological systems and exceed resting homeostasis to improve and enhance physical work capacity (Hawley et al., 1997), ultimately achieving the most out of each training session, beneficial for health and performance. Research in the area has demonstrated, the positive effects of SIT and ET on some physiological, performance and health parameters, with further needed to establish these adaptations. Yet no research is currently available combining these two training types, in a single training session to obtained potentially greater benefits over the same period of time. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast the effects of SIT, ET and COMB training modalities on physiological parameters and exercise performance after an 8 week training programme. Twenty nine participants volunteered to take part in the 10 week matched paired study, which included an 8 week training programme (age; 35.1±13.1 years, female; 16). All participants undertook a preliminary VO2max test and baseline measurements were taken. Participants were then matched paired into groups, based on sex, VO2peak (ml/kg/min) and resting heart rate (HR), then randomly assigned into a sprint interval (SIT), endurance (ET), a combined (COMB) sprint interval and endurance group or control group (CON). Participants in the SIT group undertook; 5-8 repetitions of 5-second sprints over the 8 weeks, on a cycle ergometer with intervals of 30 seconds, twice, interspaced with 4 minutes rest (<50rpm) three times per week. Those assigned to the ET group carried out cycling for 40 increasing to 60 minutes over the 8 weeks, at 60% of VO2peak equivalent to 78.5% of maximum HR, three times per week. The COMB group undertook combination of the above two protocols based on the pilot study undertaken. The CON group were not required to undertake any training regime. After 4 week and 8 weeks of the training, all participants were required to undertake a VO2max test and baseline measures were re-recorded. Prior to each VO2max test, capillary blood samples were taken for the colorimetric assessment of cholesterol. Two way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analysis with lowest standard deviation (LSD) correction to reduce the type 1 error. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to assess changes within each individual training modality. Results indicate that SIT, ET, COMB and CON groups were not significantly different at baseline in VO2max (p=0.993) and Resting HR (p=0.790) after being match paired into groups by these variables. Significant differences were evident in resting HR between the CON and SIT (p=0.005), CON and ET (p=0.016) as well as CON and COMB (0.026) after the 8 weeks of training. Additionally within the training groups in resting HR; SIT (p=0.006), COMB (p=0.016), ET (p=0.036). Significant differences were seen in relative AT between SIT and CON (p=0.097) after 8 weeks, as well as within the COMB group (p=0.028). Furthermore in diastolic blood pressure after 4 weeks between SIT and COMB (p=0.024), COMB and CON (p=0.029) and after 8 weeks between COMB and ET (p=0.032), COMB and SIT (p=0.033) and COMB and CON (p=0.029). In addition, significance was shown in triglycerides after 8 weeks of training, between ET and CON (p=0.032), SIT and COMB (p=0.025) and COMB and CON (p=0.008) CON. Finally significance was evident in blood glucose between COMB and SIT, halfway (p=0.002) and post training (p=0.019). In terms of age, there was a significant difference in VO2max between those aged 35 years in VO2max after 4 (p=0.022) and 8 weeks (p=0.020) of the training programme. Overall the results indicated that when ET is substituted partly with SIT greater beneficial effects are obtained in numerous variables, demonstrated in this study, which has previously established, SIT is a time efficient training method. Furthermore, a lower duration of sprint i.e. 5 seconds, a more feasible sprint duration, as undertaken in this study provided comparable benefits to previous studies who have adopted longer sprint duration. Finally, these findings on various physiological measures and in a range of ages, indicate that a short time frame or by adopting a combined approach to training, can assist with reducing important health and performance parameters such as blood cholesterol, resting HR, blood pressure and ultimately maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance, key indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness and health

Feminism in Biology and Belief

As feminism has become more hotly-contested in today’s society, the need to analyze the movement’s claims from a scientific and theological perspective has developed. Labor statistics and sociological research reveal that income inequality persists between the sexes. Neuroscience and evolutionary psychology show that subtle differences exist between male and female brains, and these slight variations can potentially be traced to the differing selective pressures between the genders. Ultimately, the biological differences that favor power differentials must be overcome to remedy inequality and injustice. Although Christians have historically upheld these differences and viewed women as inferior, a more modern theological understanding demonstrates that the body of Christ and the imago Dei is best reflected when gender representation is equal

Developing a critical appreciative process to review frameworks for social enterprise education

The object of this paper is to design a process for the development of curricula to advance social enterprise education using the lens of critical management studies (CMS). It is motivated by ongoing work to develop a new award in Cooperative Business and Responsible Management as well as ongoing work to develop the use of Understanding Social Enterprise: Theory and Practice (Ridley-Duff & Bull, 2011; 2016)

Forty-four Ouachita students named to Who’s Who

Forty-four Ouachita Baptist University students have been selected for inclusion in the latest edition of Who’s Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges. These students were chosen for Who’s Who by OBU’s faculty, staff and the 2016 senior class based on their academic achievement, service to the community, leadership in extracurricular activities and potential for continued success

Forty-four Ouachita students named to Who’s Who

Forty-four Ouachita Baptist University students have been selected for inclusion in the latest edition of Who’s Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges. These students were chosen for Who’s Who by OBU’s faculty, staff and the 2016 senior class based on their academic achievement, service to the community, leadership in extracurricular activities and potential for continued success

Speaking Freely and Freedom of Speech: Feminists Navigating the "New" Right

An introduction to the special section “Speaking Freely and Freedom of Speech: Feminists Navigating the ‘New’ Right.

Development of a multivariable risk model integrating urinary cell DNA methylation and cell-free RNA data for the detection of significant prostate cancer

Background: Prostate cancer exhibits severe clinical heterogeneity and there is a critical need for clinically implementable tools able to precisely and noninvasively identify patients that can either be safely removed from treatment pathways or those requiring further follow up. Our objectives were to develop a multivariable risk prediction model through the integration of clinical, urine-derived cell-free messenger RNA (cf-RNA) and urine cell DNA methylation data capable of noninvasively detecting significant prostate cancer in biopsy naïve patients. Methods: Post-digital rectal examination urine samples previously analyzed separately for both cellular methylation and cf-RNA expression within the Movember GAP1 urine biomarker cohort were selected for a fully integrated analysis (n = 207). A robust feature selection framework, based on bootstrap resampling and permutation, was utilized to find the optimal combination of clinical and urinary markers in a random forest model, deemed ExoMeth. Out-of-bag predictions from ExoMeth were used for diagnostic evaluation in men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PSA ≥ 4 ng/mL, adverse digital rectal examination, age, or lower urinary tract symptoms). Results: As ExoMeth risk score (range, 0-1) increased, the likelihood of high-grade disease being detected on biopsy was significantly greater (odds ratio = 2.04 per 0.1 ExoMeth increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78-2.35). On an initial TRUS biopsy, ExoMeth accurately predicted the presence of Gleason score ≥3 + 4, area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84-0.93) and was additionally capable of detecting any cancer on biopsy, AUC = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95). Application of ExoMeth provided a net benefit over current standards of care and has the potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies by 66% when a risk threshold of 0.25 is accepted. Conclusion: Integration of urinary biomarkers across multiple assay methods has greater diagnostic ability than either method in isolation, providing superior predictive ability of biopsy outcomes. ExoMeth represents a more holistic view of urinary biomarkers and has the potential to result in substantial changes to how patients suspected of harboring prostate cancer are diagnosed